When you are happy with the summary, copy and paste the text into a word. Quickstart offers an easy way to get started with any of the Text Analytics offerings. If you would like a different summary, repeat Step 2. Stay motivated with reading goals, streaks, and reminders. Improve your reading habits with insightful stats and trend reports. Add books you’ve read, books you’re reading, and books you want to read. Learn more about Text Analytics extractive summarization Bookshelf helps you track your books, build a lasting reading habit, and better remember what you read. The 10 languages are English, Spanish, French, Italian, German, Chinese (Simplified), Japanese, Korean, Portuguese (Portugal), and Portuguese (Brazilian). It draws its strength from transfer learning across monolingual and harness the shared nature of languages to produce models of improved quality and efficiency. It is based on pretrained multilingual transformer models, part of our quest for holistic representations. In the public preview, extractive summarization supports 10 languages. They can use it to build intelligent solutions based on the relevant information extracted to support various use cases. once you click it, your summarized text should pop up in a yellow box above the text. you should see an option that says summarize selected. You can carry out summaries specifying the number of output paragraphs, either by specifying the percentage of the text that you want to summarize, obtaining also the keywords. This feature is provided as an API for developers. also, if you're unsure on how to use it, highlight the text you want summarized and right click. This application allows you to make abstracts in a simple way, either from a pdf file, word document, a set of images or an url. Even text summarizers are helping them to decide whether a. People are looking for shortcut methods to learn ideas in lesser time. The need for text summarizers are increasing day by day, because of time constraints. It condenses a long article to main points. These sentences collectively convey the main idea of the document. A text summarizer is an online tool that wraps up a text to a specified short length. The extractive summarization feature in Text Analytics uses natural language processing techniques to locate key sentences in an unstructured text document. Text Analytics extractive summarization is in public preview!
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These checks are meant to prevent the store from frauds. Occasionally some stores might delay the purchase for manual review of your order. If you don't know how to activate the key, check out the tutorials section on the bottom of the page. After you activate key on a corresponding platform, you will be able to download and play your game for free. This will be either in the form of direct download or PC key - depending on the store of your choice. Will I be able to download GearCity game immediately?Īll shops featured on GG.deals will deliver your game immediately after the payment has been approved. If you notice any product assigned to incorrect region on GG.deals, contact us and we will correct the listing as soon as possible. Before you buy GearCity, please check the store page for any information about activation restrictions in your region. However, some shops don’t share information regarding regional locks in their product feeds and that can lead to some very occasional mistakes. We always try to make sure that price displayed in our comparison is assigned to the correct regions. If the price is still too high, create a price alert and receive an email notification when GearCity matches your budget! Does GearCity cd key activate in my region? Check the price history of the game to determine how good the deal is in relation to historical low offers. All offers already include discounts from vouchers to save you time and money. GG.deals aggregates game keys from over 40 digital distribution stores so you can find the best deals on video games. It is the definitive automotive business management simulator. If you’re looking for a more realistic, modern version of Detroit or Motor City (Oldtimer), or if you’re looking for a business simulator as in-depth as the fabled Capitalism, or perhaps you’re tired of over-simplified tycoon games and want something much more detailed, look no further. All maps also include thousands of historical events that shape world and automotive history such as the Panic of 1907, World War 1, the Post War Recession, The Great Depression, and many more large and small events that will affect your decisions. With correct settings most maps have near historically accurate sales figures, hundreds of static AI and infinite dynamically generated AI competition. Each map has historically accurate purchasing power, population, population growth, inflation, interest and market growth rates. For a little less micromanagement, the game also includes territory based maps which are broken down into a few dozen regions. Armed with its realistic economic simulator.GearCity offers several maps with hundreds of cities. Let your imagination free and choose your own path. Produce munitions and military equipment for governments at war. Adjust dividends on your subsidiaries and enact a hostile takeovers in a feature-heavy stock system. Build factories and distribution branches. Manage production lines, supplies, prices, and employees. GearCity offers a wide variety of design and business choices.Create chassis, engines, transmissions, and vehicles. Thousands of players across the globe and industry professionals from automotive engineers to economics professors have praised the game’s intricate details. It is a complex, realistic, in-depth management sim that will take several hours to grasp and hundreds of hours to master. Unlike tycoon games, GearCity has not been simplified. GearCity is a realistic historically focused economic simulation of the global automobile industry. What made business leaders such as Henry Ford, William Durant, and Karl Benz so great? Could you ever accomplish what they did? Have you ever dreamed of running your own car company?Thousands have tried, and many have failed. Dark from Something Wicked This Way Comes, a reader surely knows who the antagonist will be. To Kill A Mockingbird‘s Boo Radley is portrayed in a mysterious light, almost as if he is a ghost. Stevenson’s layers of meaning are a fine example of the density that can and should be packed into names. Jekyll has the word “Kill” hidden inside it, and Jekyll is after Hyde’s “hide.” See? The entire story is given away in their names alone. Hyde, Jekyll’s experiment unleashes his animalistic alter-ego, Hyde. They have the power to convey meaning overtly or through hidden messages.įor instance, in The Strange Case of Dr. The names you choose resonate with readers on both a conscious and subconscious level. Having trouble coming up for a name for your character? Look no further! This random character name generator is just the tool you need.Ī good writer knows that word choice can make or break a story, and character names are no exception. And she had destroyed herself, crushed by an insult that had appalled and amazed that childish soul, had smirched that angel purity with unmerited disgrace and torn from her a last scream of despair, unheeded and brutally disregarded, on a dark night in the cold and wet while the wind howled The Only Character Name Generator You’ll Ever Need ‹ Back to blog She was only fourteen, but her heart was broken. Svidrigaïlov knew that girl there was no holy image, no burning candle beside the coffin no sound of prayers: the girl had drowned herself. The stern and already rigid profile of her face looked as though chiselled of marble too, and the smile on her pale lips was full of an immense unchildish misery and sorrowful appeal. But her loose fair hair was wet there was a wreath of roses on her head. Among the flowers lay a girl in a white muslin dress, with her arms crossed and pressed on her bosom, as though carved out of marble. The coffin was covered with white silk and edged with a thick white frill wreaths of flowers surrounded it on all sides. The birds were chirruping under the window, and in the middle of the room, on a table covered with a white satin shroud, stood a coffin. The floors were strewn with freshly-cut fragrant hay, the windows were open, a fresh, cool, light air came into the room. He was reluctant to move away from them, but he went up the stairs and came into a large, high drawing-room and again everywhere-at the windows, the doors on to the balcony, and on the balcony itself-were flowers. He noticed particularly in the windows nosegays of tender, white, heavily fragrant narcissus bending over their bright, green, thick long stalks. A light, cool staircase, carpeted with rich rugs, was decorated with rare plants in china pots. A fine, sumptuous country cottage in the English taste overgrown with fragrant flowers, with flower beds going round the house the porch, wreathed in climbers, was surrounded with beds of roses. He kept dwelling on images of flowers, he fancied a charming flower garden, a bright, warm, almost hot day, a holiday-Trinity day. Perhaps the cold, or the dampness, or the dark, or the wind that howled under the window and tossed the trees roused a sort of persistent craving for the fantastic. But one image rose after another, incoherent scraps of thought without beginning or end passed through his mind. He was not thinking of anything and did not want to think. There was a cold damp draught from the window, however without getting up he drew the blanket over him and wrapped himself in it. “It’s better not to sleep at all,” he decided. He got up and sat on the edge of the bedstead with his back to the window. 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This little stereo is perfect for utility rooms, garages, or other spots where you just want a little music from your iPod, MP3 player, or radio. “Docking” plug works with iPod nano and select MP3 players (does not charge).Ĭonnect other devices using the rear auxiliary input. Perfect for utility rooms, garages, or other spots where you just want a little music from your iPod, MP3 player, or radio. Features AM/FM radio with digital display, white backlit LCD with alarm clock, and dual speakers with cloth grills. The Denon AVR-3311CI, the Japanese brand’s new presenting of point out-of-the-art sound and online video receivers, features the greatest house theater encounter.AM/FM radio with digital display and rotary volume control Compatible with 30-pin dock iPod s (AUX-input for shuffle)White backlit LCD display with clock Wake to radio or buzzerDual speakers with cloth grillsRCA jack inputCharges iPod while dockedĮnjoy listening to the radio, or your own music selections, on this GPX home music system. Denon has over sixty a long time of knowledge to back it up, finally proving itself a trade trendsetter in electronics and seem and video hardware. Who knew it would be the most effective reward ever? Denon Launches Another Groundbreaking Engineering: The Denon AVR 3311CI seven.two Channel Network Receiver Globally identified for production substantial-fidelity audio devices, Denon was very first released in 1947. I had to do a thing! 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Google Chrome 75, or higher (on Windows, Linux and Mac OS X).After the translation is complete, Apple will discard the contents of the webpage. If you translate, Safari will send the webpage’s contents (including the full text) to Apple’s servers for translation. We suggest using the most recent version of each browser: If the webpage can be translated to any of your preferred languages, you can choose to translate it. It is the ideal environment if you want to translate your document yourself, manage complex multilingual projects or simply order a quality translation provided by Translated with fast turnaround at competitive prices ( learn more). Matecat can be used by professional translators, project managers and non-professional users. Tap Enter text and type or tap the microphone icon and speak. Thanks to the drop-down menus in iOS 15, language selection is easy. As a CAT tool, Matecat includes all the professional features you need, all available for free, and lets you work with 78 different file formats that can be translated into over 200 languages. Open the Translate app, and set your two desired languages in the Translation tab. Perfect for language learners or travelers who need to have their word lists always by their side.ĭownload Mate today to get your ultimate translation helper for free! 550,000 users worldwide are already using Mate.Matecat is a free and open source online CAT tool.ĬAT (" computer aided translation") tools assist human translators in doing their work, improving their speed and helping them managing more projects. Easily create & curate word lists which are available even offline. It allows you to create custom word lists with your favorite words. All your translation & dictionary data will be automatically synchronized between all your browsers, iPhones and Macs you are using Mate on. Mate can translate entire web pages within one mouse-click! Just select "Translate this page" in the context menu on any page to see it translated to your language. It shows phonetic transcription, transliteration and can speak out words and texts with correct accent. Mate also teaches you how to pronounce correctly. Need to type in some text by yourself and translate it? Just open the Mate pop-up window by clicking on the icon next to your browser address bar. the apps which are belonging to the OS X itself, such as the Safari. Reading an article on the Internet and don’t know a word? Just select any text on any webpage, press a shortcut and see the translation in an unobtrusive window right on the same page. You will find the proper steps to uninstall Mate Translate 4.0.8 for Mac in this. Download your Mate Chrome translator today and never feel lost in language again. Mate isn’t just for reading and writing but for full language mastery and comprehension. Mate’s comprehensive dictionary and custom curated phrasebook will help you accelerate your language learning with both page translation and optional human translation. Mate helps you easily and effortlessly translate words, phrases and documents from 103 languages. Just like a real-life mate has your back, Mate Translate Extension for Chrome has you covered for all your translation needs. Translate and learn words in 103 languages. Your all-in-one translator for web pages, highlighted text, & Netflix subtitles. The accompanying music video also won the Video of the Year award at the MTV Video Music Awards. Rihanna, and Jay-Z earned a Grammy Award for Best Rap / Sung Collaboration for "Umbrella." It earned nominations for both Record and Song of the Year. "Umbrella" was an international #1 smash hit in 2007. The metaphor is used here to spell out the value of real friendship. Rihanna will help protect you from the rain of life with her umbrella. "Raindrops keep fallin' on my head And just like the guy whose feet are too big for his bed Nothin' seems to fit Those raindrops are falling on my head they keep fallin'." The Grammy Hall of Fame inducted the song in 2014. The American Film Institute picked "Raindrops Keep Fallin' On My Head" as one of the top 25 film songs of all time. Thomas following his top 10 successes "I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry" and "Hooked on a Feeling." The song was the first #1 pop hit for B.J. Ray Stevens was the first choice for recording "Raindrops Keep Fallin' On My Head," but he turned it down in favor of "Sunday Morning Coming Down" written by Kris Kristofferson. It also spent seven weeks at #1 on the adult contemporary chart. The song won an Academy Award for Best Original Song, and after being released in late 1969, it opened the 1970s at #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 where it stayed for four weeks. In a twist on typical rain songs, it speaks about the inability of the rain to douse faith in the return of happiness. Hal David and Burt Bacharach wrote this song for the soundtrack to the movie Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. "Neon signs a-flashin', taxi cabs and buses passin' through the night A distant moanin' of a train seems to play a sad refrain to the night A rainy night in Georgia, such a rainy night in Georgia Lord, I believe it's rainin' all over the world I feel like it's rainin' all over the world." He recorded it and released it on his 1969 album Continued. "Rainy Night In Georgia" was initially written by Louisiana singer-songwriter Tony Joe White in 1967. It also reached #2 on the adult contemporary chart and "Rainy Night In Georgia" was included on the album Brook Benton Today, the singer's highest charting peaking at #27 on the album chart. This record was intended as Benton's comeback record on his new label Cotillion, a subsidiary of Atlantic Records, went to #4 on the pop singles chart in 1970 and was certified gold for sales of one million copies. When Benton recorded "Rainy Night In Georgia," it had been six years since his last top 10 pop hit single. With the single line, "I believe it's rainin' all over the world," soul legend Brook Benton brings the melancholy spirit of the rain home. And Zaha Hadid’s firm recently won the commission to construct an undulating, all-timber soccer stadium in England. In Stockholm, plans for a 436-foot residential building-the tallest in the city-are in the works. Designers have proposed a scheme for an equally tall wooden skyscraper in London called Oakwood Tower. A new 20-story wooden building in northern Sweden housing a library, six theater stages and a hotel is set to put art, concerts and meetings at the heart of one of the world’s tallest timber. The Sara Kulturhus in Skelleftea stands almost 80 meters high. River Beech is just one of a handful of ambitious ideas that have popped up in the past couple of years. Northern Sweden becomes home to one of the world’s tallest wooden skyscrapers. When Chicago’s John Hancock Center was built in 1965, it required 5 million pounds of aluminum, roughly enough. It’s part of an ongoing research project between Cambridge University, architects at Perkins + Will, and engineers at Thornton Tomasetti that aims to answer lingering questions around how, exactly, architects and engineers might bring these massive timber towers to life. The River Beech Tower is a conceptual wooden skyscraper that's 80 stories tall. The concept building hasn’t been constructed yet, and may never be. The River Beech Tower is a spindly, beechwood building whose 80 stories cut a blonde silhouette against Chicago’s dark, glassy horizon. Today, on a site along the Chicago River, architects are exploring a new kind of high-rise structure built entirely from timber. Chicago has always been a city defined by metal and concrete, but now, an ambitious new proposal promises to introduce a new material to Chicago’s skyline, and to skyscrapers around the world: wood. But as recently as the end of the 20th century, engineers thought it was impossible to build a wooden building over 6 stories tall. Five years later, engineers did Hancock one better when they constructed the Sears Tower, a 1,400 foot skyscraper that used more than 176 million pounds of steel. Toronto-based architecture firm Dialog’s concept for the next generation of skyscrapera winner of Fast Company’s 2021 World Changing Ideas Awardsuses wood construction, solar panels, and. Towering 85 meters above the Norwegian countryside, Mjøstårnet is the worlds tallest wooden building, made almost entirely from the trees of neighboring forests. WHEN CHICAGO’S JOHN Hancock Center was built in 1965, it required 5 million pounds of aluminum, roughly enough metal to manufacture the equivalent of 96 tour buses. This wood skyscraper design shows what may be possible now and in the future. Once completed the building will not only outstrip abeno harukas in osaka, which currently holds the crown as japan’s tallest building it will be the tallest timber tower in the world. in doing so the company hopes that the project will popularize timber architecture and help jumpstart a revitalization of the forestry industry in rural areas and interest in reforestation.Innovation begins with an idea and moves into a design. Renderings of the W350 project show timber buildings covered in greenery that according to sumitomo will be built to withstand earthquakes and fires – with what resistance and for how long is not yet public knowledge. the completed tower will house shops, offices, a hotel and residential units, whilst sketches show balconies wrapped around the entire facade. braced tubing summarises a structural system strengthened by inserting elements into the incorporated framework to prevent any damage caused by conditions brought on by earthquakes or just simply wind. The plan will see 70 storeys comprising of steel and timber covering 6,500 square meters and 455,000 square meters in floor space. 6.5 million cubic feet of wood will be required to realise the braced tube structure designed in collaboration with architectural designers nikken sekkei. The timber skyscraper forms part of the W350 project, a mixed use environmentally friendly development whose completion will mark sumitomo‘s 350th anniversary. the concept has been prepared by sumitomo’s tsukuba research institute which the company hopes will help ‘transform the city into a forest’. It was built by Emperor Daozong of the Liao Dynasty at the site of his grandmother’s home without a single. UPDATE: this project was shortlisted in the ‘experimental – future project’ category at the 2018 world architecture festival. The Sakyamuni Pagoda of Fogong Temple in China is one of the oldest wooden structures. the 1,148-foot (350 metre) skyscraper is set to be completed by 2041 and is located in central tokyo. Japanese developer sumitomo forest has joined forces with architectural designers nikken sekkei, announcing plans for the world’s tallest wooden skyscraper. She is Professor of Elementary Education at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. 1ĭiscusses simple, practical, concrete undertakings that benefit everyone.Ĭhildren Learn About Other People (page 113) how the example, the attitudes, and the experiences we give our children can make for better feelings between families of different backgrounds, and why such good relationships are important. She suggests a convenient form for listing the information that every sitter needs. Marion Lowndes wrote Sitters Have an Influence (page 9She discusses how you can select a good sitter and plan with her for the care of your children while she is with them. The author has also written Your Part in Your Child's Education. She is also coauthor with Mrs Gruenberg of The Main Lives of MudĪ Team (page who 153), outlines definite steps parents and teachers can take to support one another's efforts in helping children grow up. These two authors use the new machines,Īnd strengthen family life. Dowley in Somi Fathers \Icsi Be ^wai ko\i Home (page 82) discusses how family ties can be kept strong during such separations, and how Fatherģ). She tells how parents can help them feel at home in a new neigh-Įdith M. The author is a wellknown pediatrician at the Beverly Hills Clinic. These Arc Your Children.ĥ1) he recommends steps parents should take to teach children sensible safety measures. The author also has written, with others. Ways that movies can be made an asset rather than The author is Professor of Education atīorhood. is author of Understanding Your ChildĪvailable to parents the results of his research Professor of Education at the University of Man land. (page 58) children can be given appropriate experiences that help them deal with situations that require know-how and initiative. Gruenberg's books are We, the Parents, and Our Children Today. With Hilda Sidney has altered in the last fifty years and how we can turn the changes to good. Neighborhood problems to bring parents help down-to-earth way in Neighborhoods Influi In Some Mothers Go Our to Work (page -5 she suggests a number of helpful ways for making the separation she Chicago, has made use of experiences in meeting with hundreds of parents.Ĭhild Welfare League of America. The author, fonnerlv Discussion Leader for the Association for Familv Living. The author is Director of Manhattan ville Dav Nursery in New York City and has written Grow ing Together, All in the Family, Sidonie Matsner Gruenberg Special Consultant, Child Study Association of America in New York City, and for main yean was its Director. She is Associate Professor of Psychology at Stanford Uni. The author has made a special stuck of the effects of Father's absence from home. Among the author's books are Children's Centers, andĬan take his rightful place with the children on his return. Alschuler points out the difference betweenĪttention while bringing up Eve children. Ways of Co-operating Challenges to Teamwork Guidance Clinics Work The Parent's Part in Treatment "What Will the Neighbors Say?" What About Standard. You Will Make Mistakes Achieving Happiness for Our Children Life How Are Older Ones Affected How About Bad Examples? How- Not Where - You LiveĬhildren Learn About Other People Wanda G. Reading Stimulates Thinking Using Language Accurately Thinking About Ideals When Neighbors Work Together Do Away with Red Tape Kind of Manners for Our Children? Rose H. They Remember Papa Making Up for Father's Absence When Father Comes Home Manners Are Contagious Children Learn Manners The Family Moves Gladvs Gardner Jenkins in What About Table Manners? Growing in Mannerliness Feelings Mold Manners Their unique mix of experience and expertise makes them the right choice for help in optimizing portfolios, ensuring successful launches, managing brands and improving the effectiveness of sales teams.FIELD ENTERPRISES EDUCATIONAL CORPORATION Chicaqo 54-, Illinois Merchandise Mart Plaza Just about every major pharmaceutical and biotech company in the world is a customer of IMS. IMS is a global source for pharmaceutical market intelligence, providing critical information, analysis and services that drive decisions and shape strategies. NET 2.0 framework, C#, Excel, Photoshop, Illustrator and others. Technologies for this account include Microsoft’s. “This is our first project for IMS Health and we’re hoping it leads to a long-term relationship,” says Dan Boyle, President of Boyle Software. While IMS concentrates on collecting and organizing the medical data, Boyle Software will work on the database interfaces, access methods and packaging. Boyle Software will be working with IMS Health to build a database for Key Opinion Leaders in the Bone Healing industry and academia. Steelheads’ meat is pink like that of a salmon, and is more flavorful than the light-colored meat of a Rainbow Trout. Steelhead are farmed, primarily in British Columbia and in Chile. However, farmed trout and those taken from certain lakes have a pronounced earthy flavor which many people find unappealing many shoppers therefore make it a point to ascertain the source of the fish before buying. It has tender flesh and a mild, somewhat nutty flavor. Market Description: Rainbow trout and Steelhead are popular in western cuisine and are both wild caught and farmed for food. The ocean going (anadromous) form (including those returning for spawning) are known as steelhead, or ocean trout (Australia). Range & Habitat: The rainbow trout is a species of salmonid native to tributaries of the Pacific Ocean in Asia and North America as well as much of the central, western, eastern, and especially the northern portions of the United States. Rainbows stay in fresh water their whole lives. They stay at sea for 1-4 years, and return to fresh water to spawn. After going to sea, their color changes, including loss of the red band. Steelhead are exactly the same species as Rainbow Trout. The freshwater form is called “Rainbow Trout”, based on the broad red band along their sides. Steelhead range in weight from 2.5 kg to 10 kg (5.5 – 22 pounds). Steelhead grow longer, ranging from 50 to 122 cm (20 to 48 inches) in length. Rainbows range from 12 to 36 inches in length. It is possible for the offspring of rainbow trout to become anadromous and for the offspring of steelhead to develop a resident life history. Steelhead populations and rainbow trout populations can and do interbreed at different levels. All Pacific Salmon, including male Steelhead, undergo changes when spawning or migrating to spawn. Unlike other Pacific Salmon, Rainbow Trout and Steelhead do not necessarily die after spawning (they may spawn as many as four times). Steelhead usually lack the pink stripe and have chrome-colored sides. (Rainbow Trout are considered to be the best example of true trout know at this time) Rainbows also have a red or pink streak that runs from the gill cover to the caudal fin, inspiring their name. They always have dark spots on their heads, backs, bellies and across their dorsal fins and cadula fins, a famed attribute of true trout. In all habitats, Rainbow’s backs varies from blue or green to a yellow-green or brown. River dwelling Rainbow Trout are generally darker and more brilliant. Lake and stream dwellers tend to be lighter as well. Steelhead is a name given to migratory rainbow trout that are born in rivers but spend most of their lives in the ocean or the Great Lakes. Steelheads also tend to be more silvery than the freshwater Rainbow form. The anadromous form called “Steelhead” migrate to the ocean, though they must return to fresh water to reproduce. Identification & Biology: Rainbow trout are unusual in that there are two forms which sometimes share the same habitat. Examples of long-term disturbances are the rise in ocean temperatures or ocean acidification ( National Research Council, 2013). In the context of our oceans, such disturbances can be temporary, such as oil spills, dredging operations, or algal blooms due to mismanaged waste waters. In contrast, ecological resilience acknowledges that there may be multiple steady-states in a system when conditions change, and the difficulty of returning to the original state may be unachievable if the disturbance is too large ( Gunderson, 2002). The major difference in viewpoint is that in engineering resilience, an ecosystem is assumed to have only one equilibrium point that it will return to after a disturbance ( Holling, 1996). There are two general notions of resilience, namely engineering and ecological resilience. To aid this search and catalog biodiversity, genetic analyses are of high importance, and the development of cheaper and faster sequencing methods is a great advantage.īiodiversity is a factor in another concept that is highly debated-resilience. A renewed interest and more funding availability would help to fill the gaps in our knowledge toward the very fundamentals of life on Earth ( Mora et al., 2011). Unfortunately, taxonomic studies are difficult to fund and experts are crucial in identifying organisms to species level, which in turn means that fewer species are being described currently. Accumulation curves can also be constructed for samples in a certain habitat after examining a certain number of samples, as shown in Figure 1. When this curve flattens for considerable periods of time, it suggests that a high percentage of species in the habitat or level of biological organization have been found. Species accumulation curves allow the number of species still to be discovered in a certain habitat to be estimated, using the number of species of a certain phylum or group described over the last centuries ( Bebber et al., 2007 Mora et al., 2008). The increasing threats to our oceans, however, are likely to drive many species to extinction before we can catalog them and learn about their habits, life cycle and, most importantly, their role in the ecosystem. (2011) estimated the number of species found in the oceans to be around 2.2 million, with over 90% still undescribed. A more surprising habitat that is highly diverse is the deep sea, upon which this review will focus. In the marine realm, there are a several hotspots of biodiversity that are widely accepted, such as mangrove forests or coral reefs. Generally, higher genetic diversity in a population is beneficial, as populations are able to withstand a broader range of environmental conditions and are more resilient to changes within ecosystems ( Gray, 1997 Des Roches et al., 2018). Using genetics and taxonomy, diversity can be measured between individuals and their populations, which can provide important information on, for example, life history stages and migration. There is little hope for areas in which exploitation, such as deep-sea mining, will be directly impacting the benthos and proper regulations are required to preserve biodiversity in the deep sea.īiodiversity describes the variety of organisms living in a certain habitat and can be analyzed within and between species. It remains uncertain whether the deep sea is resilient toward anthropogenic disturbances, yet this is difficult to research on short timescales. Many mysteries persist in the deep sea, but it is certain that threats such as overfishing, plastic pollution, and changes in ocean chemistry due to climate change are impacting even the most remote places in the oceans. Unfortunately, this diversity is threatened by human impact similarly to shallow waters, and future endeavors such as deep-sea mineral extraction must be considered as a major threat to the environment. In addition, the different environments in which biodiversity is studied are presented, and the various hypotheses on how high biodiversity is possible are examined. In this review, the different methodologies used to examine biodiversity in the remote depths of the oceans are considered. With a multitude of different environments and conditions previously thought to be inhabitable, it is unclear how such high diversity was able to develop, but habitat heterogeneity and nutrient flux are certainly important factors to consider. The deep sea is the most extensive habitat on our planet, and it supports surprisingly high biodiversity.
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